Islam and Democracy; A Misunderstood Relationship.

Islam and Democracy; A Misunderstood Relationship

Many people mistakenly believe that Islam supports monarchy or dictatorship. If this were the case, the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) himself would have assumed kingship. Instead, throughout his leadership in Madinah, the Prophet ﷺ established a model rooted in consultation (shūrā), justice, and accountability — the very essence of democratic governance.

The Qur’an clearly states:

“And those who have responded to their master and established prayer, and whose affairs are [conducted] by consultation among themselves…” (Qur’an 42:38)

This verse highlights a fundamental principle: collective decision-making through mutual consultation, not autocratic rule.

The Key Difference: Quantity vs. Quality of Vote

Modern democracy prioritizes the quantity of votes — majority wins regardless of voters’ knowledge or qualifications. Islam, on the other hand, places emphasis on the quality of decision-making. Those entrusted with shaping collective decisions must possess knowledge of religion, politics, and economics, ensuring that justice, ethics, and public welfare are not compromised by mere numbers.

This distinction safeguards against the “tyranny of the majority.” For example, if a region has a non-Muslim majority, majority voting could lead to unjust decisions against a Muslim minority — and vice versa. Islam prevents such injustice by linking decision-making rights to competence and moral responsibility, not just numerical strength.

Islam Rejects Dictatorship and Monarchy

Islam neither endorses monarchy nor dictatorship. Throughout Islamic history, the ideal model emphasized consultation, accountability, and the rule of law. Leadership was seen as a trust (amānah), not a privilege or hereditary right. The caliphate in its early form was based on the consent of the community’s qualified representatives rather than a dynastic system.

A Modern Parallel: The United Nations

A useful modern analogy can be drawn from the United Nations. Every country is a member, but on critical issues only the Security Council votes — and a few members even possess veto power. This reflects, in a limited way, the Islamic concept that ultimate oversight rests with those who have the highest moral and intellectual authority, ensuring that decisions remain aligned with justice and long-term interests rather than populist pressure.

Towards a More Ethical Democracy

Islam’s model can be described as a “qualified democracy” — decision-making by competent, ethical individuals chosen by the community. It integrates public participation with moral oversight, balancing freedom with responsibility. Far from opposing democracy, Islam refines it, shifting the focus from mere numbers to wisdom, justice, and the common good.

By Syed Ali Raza Naqvi Bukhari

Unity of Peace, Economic Reform, and Global Unity

Founder & Chairman of Tehreek Istehkam Pakistan, and the author of “Law of God” and “Social Democratic System.” Advocates for truth, social justice, and reform in all sectors of society.